Biotechnology and Its Applications Mind Map

Biotechnological applications in agriculture refer to the use of genetic engineering and related methods to develop crops with useful traits such as pest resistance, improved nutrition, and better agricultural productivity.

For Bt crop answers, write three points clearly: source organism, introduced gene or toxin, and how the pest is affected.

RNA interference is a cellular mechanism in which double-stranded RNA prevents expression of a specific gene by degrading or blocking its complementary messenger RNA.

Use the words double-stranded RNA, complementary mRNA, degradation, and gene silencing in the same answer.

Biotechnology in medicine is the use of recombinant DNA technology, cell culture, antibodies, vaccines, and molecular methods to produce therapeutic proteins, prevent disease, diagnose disorders, and support treatment.

When writing about recombinant insulin, mention human insulin gene, bacterial expression, separate chains, and formation of functional insulin.

Gene therapy is a biotechnological approach in which a functional gene is introduced into a person's cells to compensate for a defective or missing gene responsible for a disorder.

For ADA deficiency, include defective gene, missing enzyme, patient lymphocytes, vector-mediated gene insertion, and return of corrected cells.

Molecular diagnosis is the detection of disease or genetic conditions by identifying specific nucleic acid sequences, antigens, antibodies, or amplified DNA using techniques such as PCR, ELISA, and DNA probes.

When asked to distinguish PCR, ELISA, and DNA probes, write the principle of each method, not only the full form.

Transgenic animals are animals whose genome has been deliberately altered by introduction of a foreign gene so that they express a desired trait or produce a useful biological product.

For a three-mark answer, write any three purposes: study gene function, model human disease, produce biological products, and test vaccine safety.

Ethical issues in biotechnology concern the responsible use of genetic technologies, while GEAC is the regulatory body associated with approval and safety evaluation of genetically engineered organisms and products in India.

For ethics answers, use examples. Mention bioethics, biopiracy, patents, biosafety, and GEAC in a connected way.