Human Health and Disease Mind Map

Common human diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, helminths, and fungi, often transmitted through contaminated food, water, air, vectors, or direct contact.

For disease questions, write in a fixed order: disease, pathogen, mode of transmission or vector, major symptoms, and one prevention measure.

Innate immunity is the inborn, non-specific defence system that protects the body from pathogens through physical, physiological, cellular, and cytokine barriers.

Write the four barrier categories with one example each: physical, physiological, cellular, and cytokine.

Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific immunity developed after exposure to an antigen, involving lymphocytes, antibodies, memory cells, and primary or secondary immune responses.

For active versus passive immunity, compare source of antibodies, speed of response, duration, and memory-cell formation.

Vaccination is the introduction of a safe antigenic preparation to stimulate immune memory, while immunisation is the development of protection against a disease.

Use the words antigen, antibody, memory cell, primary response, secondary response, and booster when explaining vaccination.

Allergy is an exaggerated immune response to normally harmless substances, often involving IgE and histamine, while autoimmunity is an immune attack against the body's own tissues.

Use IgE and histamine for allergy, and self-tissue attack for autoimmunity.

AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a condition caused by HIV in which progressive loss of helper T-cells weakens cell-mediated and overall immune defence.

Mention HIV, helper T-cells, reverse transcriptase, opportunistic infections, ELISA, and correct transmission routes.

Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell division in which abnormal cells may form tumours and, in malignant cases, invade nearby tissues or spread to distant sites.

Always distinguish uncontrolled division, malignant nature, invasion, metastasis, and carcinogen with exact terms.

Drug and alcohol abuse is the harmful, non-medical or excessive use of psychoactive substances that can lead to addiction, dependence, health damage, and social consequences.

For abuse questions, name the substance group, source or example, body effect, addiction or dependence risk, and prevention through awareness and support.